The bryophytes inhabit every continent; the There are Arctic and Antarctic, and proper equatorial zone temperate, desert and water, and corticolous rupícolas, earthlings and fimícolas. Despite never being parasites, the bryophyte may be detrimental to both herbaceous plants, when coated, for example, with a dense tangle of grass field, as for trees, when covering the lenticels of the bark, hindering exchange of air and moisture.
Adapting easily conquer the bryophytes, with the leave microscopic and lichens, rocks altoalpinas, deserts, dunes, land mobile moraine, sand, bark, and even artificial walls. They also live in sterile conditions in the caves even where the light is reduced to a thousandth of the outside light.
Each type of rock and soil has its mosses and liverworts. Among the mosses, there are those who prefer limestone stalactites and stalagmites, which are embedded (Eucladium verticillatum, Cratoneurum commutatum) to retain the calcium carbonate and gradually forming spongy mass, solid and stoned (travertine).
Among the aquatic bryophytes are important sphagnum (Sphagnum species), classical inhabitants of peatlands, which should, along with associations of marsh plants, forming peat. They are also some of the aquatic mosses that has spoken, such as species of the genus Fontinalis, but rooted floating or Thamnium Lemani, who lives 60 meters deep in the lake of Geneva on the limestone erratic. Nor is there lack the liver, including some species of the genus Riccia and Ricciella free-swimming on the surface of ponds. There are no marine bryophytes, despite some resistance while the salinity, living on coastal dunes.
However, the preferred environment for bryophytes is the forest, where they often lead to significant associations of biological interest, especially because there is a microfauna closely linked to its dissemination and persistence. In forests, bryophytes and develop key role both as a habitat for many organisms as the large water-holding capacity, are also a major producer of humus. On the bark of trees is a sort of symbiosis, as bryophytes are thus more light, while keeping the tree moist, provided the mass of bryophytes is not too dense and to prevent breathing through lenticels. The
phytocoenosis bryophytes are characterized by many. Examples include: Sphagnetum, Mugosphagnetum (mugo pine and Sphagnum individuals) and Piceetum hylocomiosum (red fir forests and other mosses Hylocomium splendens pleurocarpous, as Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus and Pleurozium schreberi).
Currently, the usefulness of the bryophytes to man is near zero or near zero. Only uses brushes called moss (Polytrichum frmosum) to make brushes and brushes rudimentary. Mosses are used, and still more sphagnum as moisture insulation packing for shipment of live plants, bulbs, rhizomes and tubers, and is used peat, lightweight, porous and homogeneous, like thermal and acoustic insulation for different protections . Also important is the use of mosses, and even more the use of sphagnum as a means of cultivation of higher plants, and thanks to its light weight and high capacity to retain water are suitable substrates for growing in greenhouses and pots, a particular case and fashionable is the cultivation of bonsai. Furthermore, mosses extracted essences of perfume and flavorings natural fixatives. Moreover, investigations are being conducted to see if any substances in the bryophytes possess antibiotic or bacteriostatic function.
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